ABSTRACT
Background: The Palmaris Longus Muscle is the first option in tendon graft procedures, for it fulfills the necessarycriteria of length, breadth and easy surgical accessibility. Therefore, the present study was performed with thepurpose to determine the morphometry of PL in North Indian population.Materials and methods: Material for the present study consisted of 40 limbs of different age group andsex(28Males&12Females). The limbs were made available in the Anatomy department for dissection purpose atSGRDIMSAR, Amritsar, Punjab. The length and width of the PL-Muscle Belly(PL-MB) and PL-Tendon(PL-T) weremeasured with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The unpaired t test was used to study the significance of thedifferences in male and females and right and left PLM.Results: The mean MBL and MBW of the PL was more (6.195+1.788cm & 2.095+0.723cm) on right side than(5.895+1.748cm & 1.920+0.740cm) on the left side. The mean TL on left side (15.690+1.336cm) was slightly morethan the right side (15.625+1.489cm) whereas TW on right side (0.435+0.099cm) was found to be slightly morethan the left side (0.426+0.108cm). It was also observed that the mean MBL, MBW, TL and TW was more in malecadavers as compared to female cadavers.Conclusion: PLM has importance in medical clinic, surgery, radiological analysis and has great significancewhen used as a donor tendon in reconstructive surgeries. Thus there are advantages to know the length and widthof the PL tendon for being the ideal choice for tendon graft procedures.
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Introduction: Feedback is considered as a potential instrument for revamping the system of education, and playsa major role in learning. It is the specific information about the comparison between a students’ observedperformance and a standard, given with the intent to improve the students’ performance. Thus it is intended toimprove skills or change behaviour, rather than being an estimate of the students’ worth.Materials and Methods: This observational study was performed on 150 first-year medical students in theDepartment of Anatomy. Three sets of questionnaires were developed. First set of questionnaire included questionsto assess the students’ perception about the importance and need for feedback in the learning process, secondset contained questions about the contents of feedback and third set had questions about the process of feedback.The data were compiled and analyzed.Results: In General, 48.66% of students indicated receiving some sort of feedback, 28% not receiving feedbackand 23.33% could not decide whether they had received any kind of feedback. 82.66% students indicated thatfeedback was important for their learning and 86.66% expressed their need for regular feedback. Majority of thestudents expressed their interest in receiving feedback after their formative and summative assessments. 92.66%agreed with the statement that feedback is more effective when negative information is sandwiched betweenpositive information. 85.33% and 76.66% preferred receiving one-to-one and interactive feedback respectively.Conclusion: Feedback simplifies the improvement process of self-assessment in learning, provides theopportunities to exercise regulating students’ own learning standards.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Anatomical and morphometric aspects of seventh cervical vertebra are important for considerationof ventro-lateral approach in cervical spine surgery. Therefore, a detailed anatomical information of thedimensions of the vertebral elements is very important for successful surgical management in the degenerative,traumatic and neoplastic diseases of the cervical spine. Ethnic variations have also been reported in thesedimensions and there have been no morphometric studies performed in this area in the North Indian population.Materials and Methods: 60 dry Vertebra prominens vertebrae (C7) were obtained by maceration of the cadavers,made available for the purpose of dissection. Dimensions of vertebral body, lamina, spinous process andvertebral foramen of vertebra prominens(C7) were quantified for each vertebra. Morphological features includedmacroscopic appearance of Shape of vertebral foramen of vertebra prominens.Results: The length (VBL), superior width(VBSW), inferior width(VBIW), anterior height(VBAH) and posteriorheight(VBPH) of vertebral body of vertebra prominens (C7) was 14.21+2.95mm, 25.17+3.45, 24.89+3.25mm,11.72+1.88mm and 12.61+1.87mm respectively. Height(LH), length(LL) and width(LW) of lamina of were measuredas 14.47±1.72 mm, 22.23±2.46mm and 3.74±0.46mm. Length of the spine of vertebra prominens was found to be28.59+3.72mm. Maximum(widthmax) and minimum(widthmin) width of spine were 12.15+1.99mm and 6.22+1.53mm.Foramen diameter anteroposterior (FDAP) and transverse (FDT) was found to be 12.97+1.66mm and 22.85+2.46mmrespectively.Conclusion: Taking these measurements of vertebra prominens(C7) into consideration with combined effects ofaxial computed tomography, the diameters are valuable in correct estimation of spinal deformities and are ofinterest from anatomical, anthropological aspect and also from medicolegal point of view
ABSTRACT
Background: The lateral outgrowth from the superior articular facet(SAF) to the posterior root of the transverseprocess of the atlas forms the partial lateral bridge(PLB) and when complete forms the supratransverse foramen(STF). Presence of such bridges may predispose to vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Since there are fewer studies onthe lateral bridge therefore the present study was aimed to know the incidence of lateral bridges and STF and alsoto know the dimensions of STF as the knowledge about such dimensions helps in interpretation of radiologicalfindings, provide guidance for neurosurgical intervention.Materials and methods: A total of 80 undamaged, dry human atlas vertebrae were obtained from the Departmentof Anatomy, Government Medical College and SGRDIMSAR, Amritsar, Punjab, India. The Partial lateral bridge(PLB)and Supratransverse Foramen(STF) were identified following the criteria used by Mitchell (1998a, 1998b).Measurements were taken of the maximum dimensions of the STF in (Supero-inferior and Medio-lateral planes)and ipsilateral Foramen Transversarium (FT) in (Ventro-dorsal and Medio-lateral planes). The cross-sectionalarea of STF and ipsilateral FT was calculated.Results: Total 7 (8.75%) lateral bridges in atlas vertebrae occurred. 6 (7.5%) lateral bridges occurred in associationwith the posterior bridges and 1(1.25%) isolated partial lateral bridge occurred on the left side. Partial lateralbridges were found in 2 bones(2.5%) on right side and 4(2.5%)bones on left side. 1 (0.625%) Complete lateralbridges forming STF was observed on right side. Rt. Supra-Transverse Foramen Height (STFH) and Width (STFW)was found to be 5.4mm and 6.2mm. Ipsilateral Foramen Transversarium Length (FTL) and Width (FTW) was foundto be 6.4mm and 5.9mm. The cross-sectional area of Rt. STF was 26.28mm2 and the cross-sectional area ofipsilateral FT was 29.64mm2 and ipsilateral FT area was smaller than STF.Conclusion: The findings in the present study indicate a higher prevalence of lateral bridges on the left side.Difference in the cross sectional area of STF and ipsilateral FT may lead to compression of V.A and this compressionbecomes evidently symptomatic in extreme manipulations of the neck. Patients presenting with vertebrobasilarinsufûciency or cervicogenic syndromes should be evaluated to explore the possibility of the presence of lateralatlas bridges as etiological factor
ABSTRACT
Various communications between the different branches of brachial plexus have been reported by many authors but the communication between the radial and ulnar nerve; the branches of posterior and medial cords of brachial plexus in the arm is very rare. It features the communicating ramus travelling from proximal radial nerve and distal ulnar nerve at a high humeral level in the right arm of a 56 year old male cadaver. Knowledge of such variations may be of importance in the evaluation of certain entrapment phenomenon of ulnar nerve or unexplained sensory loss after trauma or surgical interventions in that particular area is also of clinical significance in anaesthetic blocks.